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Thirty different protective factors showed significant effects against radicalization. Most studies addressed islamist (religious/ethnic) extremism, some others far-right, far-left, and mixed forms. After screening more than 2,000 documents, we found 28 eligible reports containing 21 analyses that provided quantitative data and seven qualitative interview studies. a systematic review of quantitative studies that investigated protective effects against extremism and radicalization as well as qualitative research on factors that contribute to disengagement from radical groups. However, there is not yet much research with a focus on resilience and protective factors in this domain. Thousands of publications address theoretical concepts, potential origins, risk factors, developmental phases, and approaches to prevention. Politically, islamist, or otherwise motivated extremism, radicalization, and violence are highly topical issues in many countries. With their actions and intentions perceived as deviant, ill-willed, or hypersexual, Black children are susceptible to a wide range of violence from school punishment, the criminal justice system, sexual abuse and exploitation, and excessive police force. As adultified Black youth, they lack autonomy and are not granted leniency to learn from their mistakes like their white peers. Pathologized as deviant, adult-like problems, Black children occupy life in a liminal space, where they are denied childhood status but carry adult-like culpability. Discourses on what it means to be a child, who can occupy that position, and when a particular stage of a child’s development is reached, are all structured against Black youth. Antiblackness scholarship posits that there is an institutional unwillingness to see Black youth as children. Arguably, antiblackness shapes all racialized, gendered, sexualized conditions and experiences of all Black people, including the age compression of Black children. Structured outside the realms of humanity and civil society, Black life, through this paradigm, is regarded as other than human. Foundational to the United States, antiblackness is a race-based paradigm of racial othering and subjugation through a litany of organized structural violence against Black people. The theorization of antiblackness within the context of race, gender, and education has been beneficial to understanding how the mistreatment of Black children and the illegitimacy of Black childhoods within the white American racial imaginary is seemingly justified. Read moreĭiscourses in the early 21st century surrounding the presumption of childhood innocence were undergirded by antiblackness. This monograph addresses the tackling of nationalist aspirations through the use of the AFSPA, with a focus on Nagaland it analyzes the approach and its impact of Naga society, as well as the fallout for the Indian state. It enacted special parliamentary legislation such as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) to give security forces even more powers and protect them from criminal prosecution for any "normal" violation of the law since these were regarded as extraordinary responses.
POLICE OMNIPRESENCE DEFINITION FULL
very idea of India erupted in the distant Naga Hills of Assam state in the 1950s, the Indian government was quick to act by using the full force of the army and, in some cases, the air force, as well as its paramilitary and local police. These ranged from a war with Pakistan over the state of Jammu and Kashmir immediately after independence to the first armed uprising in the country in Telengana led by Communists in what is today the state of Andhra Pradesh. In the first decade after declaring independence in 1947, the Indian state faced numerous challenges to its very existence and legitimacy.